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The zodiac is a belt-shaped region of the sky that extends approximately 8° north and south as measured in celestial latitude of the ecliptic , the apparent path of the Sun across the celestial sphere over the course of the year. Also within this zodiac belt appear the Moon and the brightest planets , along their orbital planes. These signs roughly correspond to the astronomical constellations with the following modern names: [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Aries , Taurus , Gemini , Cancer , Leo , Virgo , Libra , Scorpio , Sagittarius , Capricorn , Aquarius , and Pisces.
The signs have been used to determine the time of the year by identifying each sign with the days of the year the Sun is in the respective sign.
In Western astrology , and formerly astronomy , the time of each sign is associated with different attributes. Though the zodiacal system and its angular measurement in sexagesimal degree ° originated with Babylonian astronomy during the 1st millennium BC. It was only then communicated into Greek astronomy by the 2nd century BC, as well as into developing the Hindu zodiac.
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Due to the precession of the equinoxes , the time of year that the Sun is in a given constellation has changed since Babylonian times, and the point of March equinox has moved from Aries into Pisces. The zodiac forms a celestial coordinate system , or more specifically an ecliptic coordinate system , which takes the ecliptic as the origin of latitude and the Sun's position at vernal equinox as the origin of longitude.
The English word zodiac derives from zōdiacus , [ 5 ] the Latinized form of the Ancient Greek zōdiakòs kýklos ζῳδιακός κύκλος , [ 6 ] meaning "cycle or circle of little animals". The zodiac was in use by the Roman era , based on concepts inherited by Hellenistic astronomy from Babylonian astronomy of the Chaldean period mid-1st millennium BC , which, in turn, derived from an earlier system of lists of stars along the ecliptic.
The Åland 2023 zodiac issue celebrates Year of the Dragon
Although the zodiac remains the basis of the ecliptic coordinate system in use in astronomy besides the equatorial one, [ 10 ] [ 11 ] the term and the names of the twelve signs are today mostly associated with horoscopic astrology. The zodiac of a given planet is the band that contains the path of that particular body; e. By extension, the "zodiac of the comets" may refer to the band encompassing most short-period comets.
As early as the 14th century BC a complete list of the 36 Egyptian decans was placed among the hieroglyphs adorning the tomb of Seti I ; they figured again in the temple of Ramesses II , and characterize every Egyptian astrological monument. Both the famous zodiacs of Dendera display their symbols, identified by Karl Richard Lepsius.
Smådjurskliniken Zoodiaken
The division of the ecliptic into the zodiacal signs originates in Babylonian astronomy during the first half of the 1st millennium BC. The zodiac draws on stars in earlier Babylonian star catalogues , such as the MUL. LUL "The Crayfish", among others. Around the end of the fifth century BC, Babylonian astronomers divided the ecliptic into 12 equal "signs", by analogy to 12 schematic months of 30 days each.
Each sign contained 30° of celestial longitude , thus creating the first known celestial coordinate system. According to calculations by modern astrophysics, the zodiac was introduced between and BC, during Persian rule , [ 17 ] and probably within a very few years of BC. Due to the precession of the equinoxes , the time of year the Sun is in a given constellation has changed since Babylonian times, as the point of March equinox has moved from Aries into Pisces.
Because the divisions were made into equal arcs of 30° each, they constituted an ideal system of reference for making predictions about a planet's longitude. However, Babylonian techniques of observational measurements were in a rudimentary stage of evolution. The normal stars were used as observational reference points to help position a planet within this ecliptic coordinate system.
In Babylonian astronomical diaries , a planet position was generally given with respect to a zodiacal sign alone, though less often in specific degrees within a sign. Knowledge of the Babylonian zodiac is said to be reflected in the Hebrew Bible ; E. Bullinger interpreted the creatures that appear in the book of Ezekiel as the middle signs of the four quarters of the zodiac, [ 25 ] [ 26 ] [ better source needed ] with the Lion as Leo , the Bull as Taurus , the Man as Aquarius and the Eagle as a higher aspect of Scorpio.
Martin and others have argued that the arrangement of the tribes around the Tabernacle reported in the Book of Numbers corresponded to the order of the zodiac, with Judah , Reuben , Ephraim , and Dan representing the middle signs of Leo, Aquarius, Taurus, and Scorpio, respectively.
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Such connections were taken up by Thomas Mann , who in his novel Joseph and His Brothers , attributes characteristics of a sign of the zodiac to each tribe, in his rendition of the Blessing of Jacob. Hellenistic astrology derived in part from Babylonian and Egyptian astrology. The Dendera zodiac , a relief dating to c. The earliest extant Greek text using the Babylonian division of the zodiac into 12 signs of 30 equal degrees each is the Anaphoricus of Hypsicles of Alexandria fl.
Hipparchus' lost work on precession never circulated very widely until it was brought to prominence by Ptolemy, [ 32 ] and there are few explanations of precession outside the work of Ptolemy until late Antiquity, by which time Ptolemy's influence was widely established. According to mathematician-historian Montucla , the Hindu zodiac was adopted from the Greek zodiac through communications between ancient India and the Greek empire of Bactria.